Lublin Studies in Modern Languages and Literature

Michel Arouimi
Université du Littoral,
La Citadelle, BP 5526 220 avenue de l'Université
59379 Dunkerque Cedex 1, France

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Le Paris de Ramuz

Ramuz presented his vision of literary art in diverse works, paying special attention to the diversity of the external world, whose mystery both a poet and a painter attempt to capture into a synthetic reflection, which is not just a mere copy of the reality. If Ramuz as a young poet, before he became a novelist, recognised his own poetic mission in Paris, then Paris itself, as later described in a short essay Paris (notes d’un Vaudois), appears to be the urban metaphor of his poetic ideal. This phenomenon testifies to the auto-analytical value of works by Ramuz. In particular, the Paris evoked in the essay mentioned above reveals the metaphysical vision of the poet, fascinated with the principle of unity, reflected in his works as well as the external world. Keywords: Ramuz, Paris, poetry

Beatrice Bottin
Université de Pau et des Pays Pays de l’Adour,
Avenue du Doyen Poplawski, 64013 Pau, France

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Le théâtre espagnol alternatif : l'avènement d'un lieu de métissages polymorphes et synergiques

Since the beginning of the Twentieth Century, internationally- renowned stages and festivals have welcomed Spanish playwrights by giving them the recognition they deserved. Not only has the subtitling technique helped to kindle the audience’s curiosity, but it has also significantly influenced and enriched the alternative creations offered by Rodrigo García, Óscar Gómez Mata and Angélica Liddell, in addition to promoting their dissemination. Yet did audiences receive their work in the same way in every country? Did the artists adapt their plays for the countries where they were performed? Keywords: alternative Spanish theatre, subtitling, dramaturgy, stage direction.

Nisrine Malli
Université Libanaise,
Faculté des Lettres et des Sciences Humaines et Sociales
Section 1, Mazraa, Saeb Salam bvd,
F: 009611315644 Beyrouth, Liban

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La quête de l’altérité : des stratégies d’écriture

In this paper, we study, in a comparative approach, the notion of dialogism and the manner of its insertion in the text of Sahar Khalifé, Ghada El-Samman, Annie Ernaux and Hélène Cixous. The analysis of stylistic Arab and French works reveals how dialogism enters the textual space, through language use, language that is constantly plagued otherness. Thereby manifests a spring of writing that brings the dialogue with others to build a "story", a scriptural language activity and operating in the manner of "grafting" of co-locating the text in a between. Keywords: Dialogism, quest of alterity, intertextuality, multilingualism, in-between

Ebrahim Salimi-Kouchi
University of Isfahan,
Isfahan, Iran

Mohsen Rezaeian
Shiraz University,
Shiraz, Iran

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"Dashed Hopes and Good Intentions": A Bourdieuian Reading of Edward Albee's Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?

Pierre Bourdieu's investigation into the mechanism of power relations in any given society emphasizes that culture is firmly embedded in social lives of agents. An agent engages in some social competitions, struggling with others and his or her own limits. Applying the metaphor of "game" to social life, Bourdieu believes that people, in order to accumulate more capitals, participate in intense social competitions. Edward Albee's Who's Afraid of Virgina Woolf raises some questions about the nature of power, language, and their intersection. The lives of the characters are not far removed from how they experience power relations in a college campus, a microcosm of American society. Putting into practice Bourdieu's theory of practice, this article analyzes the influence of the accumulation of capitals in the lives of George and Martha, the role of the imaginary child as a part of American dream and its significance to the couple's lives, and ultimately the use and abuse of language in their ways of communication. Keywords: Bourdieu, Albee, habitus, field, capital, imaginary son, American Dream, language

Agnieszka Mierzwińska-Hajnos
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
Pl. M. C. Skłodowskiej 5, 20-031 Lublin, Poland

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More than Blends and Compounds. Conceptual Integration Theory behind Plant-Related Linguistic Expressions in Polish and English

The present paper offers a semantic analysis of selected plant-related Polish and English blends and compounds in the light of Conceptual Integration Theory (cf. Fauconnier and Turner 1998, 2002). As defined by Fauconnier and Turner, conceptual integration is a dynamic process which allows us to account for novel expressions that emerge as the result of complex mental operations during which various elements of disparate domains might be activated and entrenched in a given context. Therefore, plant-related blends and compounds such as nagietek, lemonata, or kora dębowa will be put here under scrutiny and analysed with the aid of the four-space network model. Keywords: Conceptual Integration Theory, cognitive semantics, conceptual blends, dynamicity

Aleksandra Paliczuk
University of Silesia,
Ul. Bankowa 12, Katowice, Poland

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La realtà virtuale e l’immagine linguistica del mondo

This paper is an attempt to describe the influence of digitization of the contemporary world on the language by analyzing some metaphors of the Internet. It refers to various theories concerning the ways of perceiving and understanding the world, and its linguistic interpretation. It enumerates some cognitive processes and as consequence conceptual constructs, such as e.g. category, frame, metaphor, imaginative schemes such as figure-ground structure, radial structures, relational structures, mental spaces, and arrives to the experience, the conceptualization and definition of meaning as not only the conceptual content, but also as one of the ways to build that content. It also mentions the notion of linguistic image of the world with respect to the virtual reality and all the social and linguistic changes that result from it. Keywords: Linguistic image of the world, cognitive abilities, conceptualization, metaphor, virtual reality

Salameh Fleih Obeiah
Ministry of Education,
Mafraq, Jordan

Ruba Fahmi Bataineh
Yarmouk University,
Irbid, Jordan

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Does Scaffolding-Based Instruction Improve Writing Performance? The Case of Jordanian EFL Learners

The present study examines the potential effect of scaffolding instruction on Jordanian EFL tenth-grade students’ overall writing performance and their performance on the sub-skills of focus, development, organization, conventions and word choice. The study follows a quasi-experimental experimental/control group, pre-/post test design. In the experimental group, 20 female tenth-grade students from the North-Eastern Badia Directorate of Education (Jordan) were taught to generate ideas, structure, draft, and edit their essays using agency scaffolding and the scaffolding principles of contextual support, continuity, intersubjectivity, flow, contingency and handover, within the Zone of Proximal Development. Another group of 28 students was instructed conventionally per the guidelines outlined in the Teacher’s Book. After the treatment, descriptive statistics and ANCOVA were used to analyze the students’ scores on the pre-test and the post test. The results showed that the scaffolding instruction group outperformed the control group (at α≤ 0.05) in their overall writing performance and in their performance on all writing sub-skills except the sub-skill of development.

Marta Chodkiewicz
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
Pl. M. C. Skłodowskiej 5, 20-031 Lublin, Poland

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Undergraduate Students’ Use of External Sources in Revising and Justifying Their Translation Decisions Based on Instructor Feedback

The article reports on a study conducted as part of a one-term undergraduate general translation course. In the final assignment the students delivered L1 and L2 translations which were assessed based on their functionality/usability and other criteria related to preserving the content of the source text and assuring the adequacy of the target text (ITI 2014). The students then worked on the problematic sections marked by the instructor; they could either revise the excerpts or justify their decisions. The students were allowed to make use of electronic sources, which was recorded using Camtasia Studio. The recordings were analysed to examine the types of searches the students had made. Keywords: translator competence, translator training

Zoja Kuca
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
Pl. M. C. Skłodowskiej 5, 20-031 Lublin, Poland

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Формирование навыков и умений „креативного письма” у студентов филологических и неофилологических направлений

The present article is devoted to the consideration of a current and extremely popular in both the United States and Europe subject: "creative writing". Researchers say that if the ability to think and write creatively was developed in the native tongue, the learner should not have any problem with the transfer of this ability onto a foreign language. Creative writing is not only a perfect way of mastering foreign languages, but it is also great fun and even a therapy. In the article there have been suggested exercises which develop imagination, creativity as well as ready tasks of "creative writing". Keywords: creative writing, foreign language study, university education

University of Warsaw, Poland
Ul. Szturmowa 4, 02-678 Warsaw

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Das Medium Film als Element mit hohem interkulturellen Potenzial im DaF-Unterricht – am Beispiel der Filme Solino und I love Vienna

For some years now scientists have been dealing with multi- and intercultural phenomena. After presenting definitions of interculturalism and the integration policy in Germany for foreigners in the 70s, the author states that nowadays teachers start to understand the problem of migration and therefore multicultural and -lingual classrooms better. Many teachers try to take advantage of an additional culture/ language as a certain value. How to start dealing with those subjects and to motivate students to think these topics over is shown on the example of two films, a German one (Italian immigrants and their life for twenty years in Germany) and an Austrian film from the early 90s (an Iranian guy, former German teacher in his home country, comes to Vienna, taking his teenaged son and sister with him and tries hard to start a new life in Vienna. It is stated that a teacher can work with a film as a medium to reach his goal of discussing the current global topic foreign cultures. Keywords: interculturality, multiculturality, film, immigrant, islam, Vienna, integration, Europe, culture, language

Małgorzata Paprota
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
Pl. M. C. Skłodowskiej 5, 20-031 Lublin, Poland

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The Chantelles of Benefits Britain: Collective representations of the clients of the welfare state in conservative British press (2008-2012)

This paper outlines the representation of Claimants, a key social actor relevant to the welfare state, as groups in two conservative British newspapers, the Daily Mail and the Daily Telegraph. With recourse to critical discourse analysis, in particular van Leeuwen’s 2008 work on the representation of social actors, as well as to corpus methods, the paper shows how the representation of this social actor in collective terms helps entrench the discourse of (mainly class-based) prejudice, thus working to delegitimise the welfare state. Keywords: social actors, welfare state, Daily Mail, Daily Telegraph

Magdalena Jochimczyk
University of Silesia,
Poland

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Wieńczysław Niemirowski
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
Pl. M. C. Skłodowskiej 5, 20-031 Lublin, Poland

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Anna Bálint
Eötvös Loránd University,
Budapest, Hungary

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Récit comme négation du récit. Un procédé anti-narratologique d’Edmond Jabès

The several boundlessly shattered pages of “Story” by Edmond Jabès introduce one of his most embittered ideas. It is namely the acknowledgement of the impossibility of writing „precisely” a story through the separation of a couple and the parceling of a landscape. Nevertheless, the author does not give way to a confused and gloomy poetry but by recognizing the incommunicable he contemplates and then perceives emptiness in order to exhibit it to us in the purest possible way. Over and above unlimited space, what will therefore be presented is the eternal departure.

Jean-Francis Ekoungoun
Université Alassane Ouattara,
Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire

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Noël X. Ebony par ses éditeurs: aspects du discours éditorial dans la genèse d’un poète de l’interculturalité

With his strong anti-academic attitude, Noël X. Ebony has been instrumental in development of committed poetry, the modernity of which initiates a rupture in the declamatory style of the Negritude. His simple and sharp texts could easily disturb constructively-thinking people. This paper seeks to understand the aesthetic originality of the poet from the perspective of the editorial metatext. Irrespective of the forms of epitext or peritext modeling, the editors’ comments constitute unique modes of representation of literary creation; the main objective of this article is to discuss them.

Magdalena Kałuża
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
Lublin, Poland

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The image of Borovik the Sorcerer in the short story Water Nymph by Orest Somov

The article analyses the image of Borovik the Sorcerer (Боровик) in the short story Русалка (Water Nymph) (1829) by O. Somov from the perspective of the demonological discourse construed as the use of language, the means to communicate ideas and the interaction of individuals in the society in the Russian literature of the Romanticism in the context of Slavic national demonology. The author shows that the image of Somov’s sorcerer was constructed according to the criteria of the unique socio-cultural phenomenon – Russian sorcery (русскоe колдовствo). Particular attention was paid to Borovik’s external appearance, his behaviour towards, and interactions with other characters (Gorpinka the water nymph and her mother), his ways of building authority and the relationship of power that existed between him and the local community. In the overall context of Slavic folklore the author analyses also functions of animals that play the role of the sorcerer’s minions. In the final section the article points out the link of the analysed image with the Romantic preoccupation with the common people, as well as literary freneticism.

Sélima Lejri
University of Tunis I,
Tunis, Tunisia

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“With mine own tears I wash away my balm”: The King’s two bodies in Shakespeare’s Richard II and King Lear.

The aim of this paper is to delineate the representation of kingship in Tudor and Stuart England and its articulation in Shakespeare’s political drama, through the examples of Richard II (1599) and King Lear (1606), two illustrative plays of the respective eras. Conceived of as two-bodied, the sovereign is, from early medieval times, positioned in an uneasy liminal state whereby his natural body is also the incarnation of the mystical concept of the ever-lasting Body politic. Anxieties over this seemingly unbreakable continuity of mystical kingship become nonetheless palpable as Queen Elizabeth I lies dying, leaving no heir to the throne of England. The first Stuart monarch hence reinforces the doctrine of The Divine Right of Kings by confidently advancing the unique precedence of godhead over manhood in the monarch. Set in this context, Shakespeare’s two political figures question the validity of the king’s impregnable nature as they grapple with their human condition exposed to all mortal ills. When Richard II’s “tears wash away (his) balm” and his meta-physiological body withal, Shakespeare exposes the frailties underneath the fiction of the monarch’s two-bodied nature parodied in King Lear as “every inch a king”.

Ewelina Mitera
University of Silesia,
Katowice, Poland

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Les femmes diaboliques de Barbey d’Aurevilly – esquisse du portrait physique et moral

The works of Barbey d’Aurevilly, evoking a devastating power incarnated in the female characters, plunge a reader in a world that is immoral and even sadistic. Thanks to the most subtle colours, the great artist creates a sequence of dark portraits representing both beautiful and devilish heroines; heroines with many faces who are frigid and dominant, invulnerable and revengeful. In d’Aurevilly’s works the females are depicted as both enchantresses full of Machiavellian cleverness and cynical and extremely intelligent plotters. They are true queens of Evil; proud and powerful they always have the last word.

Petruța Spânu
Alexandru Ioan Cuza University,
Iași, Romania

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Les Chardons du Baragan de Panaït Istrati, un récit de la faim

The novel The Thistles of the Baragan (1928), the most important in the oeuvre of Panaït Istrati (1884-1935), is not only an indictment against exploitation but also a story on hunger, inspired by the Romanian rural world of the early twentieth century, which summarizes adventures of the adolescent Matake. He will discover social inequality and poverty, and he will face both individual and collective death. He will see revolt everywhere and will be part of it. His long journey will last as long as his frustrated and traumatized childhood and will lead him to social meditation.

Kouakou Léon Kobenan
Université Alassane Ouattara de Bouaké,
Bouaké, République de Côte d’Ivoire

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La resémantisation contradictionnairique et ses implications dans Allah n’est pas obligé d’Ahmadou Kourouma

There are atypical semantic neologisms in Allah n’est pas obligé by Ahmadou Kourouma, an Ivorian novelist. It is characterized by a redefinition of lexical items, which greatly contrasts with definitions provided by dictionaries. After a discussion of this phenomenon, called resémantisation contradictionnairique, the article shows Kourouma’s clear intention to satirize African leaders and the French lexicographical institution, respectively accused of stirring up civil wars and giving partial and biased definitions.

Agnieszka Mierzwińska-Hajnos
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
Lublin, Poland

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Shockvertising: Beyond Blunt Slogans and Drastic Images. A Conceptual Blending Analysis

The present paper discusses the application of Conceptual Blending Theory (henceforth: CBT) as proposed by Fauconnier and Turner (cf. Fauconnier and Turner 1998, 2002) to the analysis of shockvertising that appears in social campaigns. Assuming that the main objective of the so-called shockvertising is to startle the audience and thus draw their attention to the most burning social problems, usually overlooked when presented in the form of typical posters, CBT proves a successful tool in decoding messages comprised in such ads. Of particular importance is a conceptual blend which dynamically emerges as a result of various blending processes activated while decoding both visual and verbal components recalled in shock advertisements.

Amina Saoussany
Université Ibn Zohr,
École Nationale de Commerce et de Gestion
Agadir, Maroc

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Autour de l’écrit-client : analyse de lettres commerciales de vente par correspondance produites en milieu universitaire marocain

The mail order business letter has a dual purpose for the company: it arouses the customer’s ordering act and builds a long term customer-relationship. This relationship is directly built on supply and is considered as a natural and legitimate action on the part of the company. Writing a mail order business letter is not done without difficulty by the students of the Agadir National School of Commerce and Management (ENCGA). Indeed, we have noticed that despite the measures undertaken and the efforts of teachers to develop argumentative skills of learners in business French, many of them find it challenging to produce consistent and structured argumentative business letters. What are then the difficulties encountered by students during their training in economics in ENCGA in the production of professional business writings? How can we analyze their productions? How successful is argumentative competence in the French specialty? These are the questions that we have attempted to answer in this article.

LARANGÉ Daniel S.
Åbo Akademi,
Turku, Finland

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Du naturalisme piétiste à l’expressionnisme mystique d’August Strindberg

August Strindberg considers the arts complementary to science and religion. During his lifetime he runs along the paths which separate atheistic naturalism from mystical expressionism. Paradoxes which raised his own temperament led him to see art as a bridge between science and consciousness. The principle of analogy he uses as the key to the world allows him to conceive chance as a necessary condition for an artistic work that goes straight into the depths of reality, into the heart of the matter, where energy shapes the essence of the spirituality.

LEDWINA Anna
Opole University,
Opole, Poland

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Music in Duras’s works – analysed primarily in terms of intertextuality – is an element that creates the structure and sets the pace of the text. It provides an excuse to present feelings and thoughts of the characters, their hidden desires and yearnings. Music soothes the pain of parting, lets listeners forget about their problems, and brings forward true passions that cannot be put into words.
Duras’s fondness of music is manifested by her attitude to reality and her vision of love. A piece of music with its depth and richness in a way reflects the inner self of the author.

LIS Jerzy
Adam Mickiewicz University,
Poznań, Poland

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Arthur Rimbaud’s animated and enigmatic life has never stopped intriguing the later generations. The unsatiated curiosity about the details of his past as a poet and adventurer is at the origin of the creation of the texts that exploit some known, often stereotyped, biographical elements, or use as the basic argument such or another fragment of the biography to change its meaning or to immortalize a myth which is forming from one generation to another. The idea is to demonstrate that the attempts to reconstruct Rimbaud’s biography often go through the fascination of the mystery, the hidden, the original or the unspeakable to offer to the reader a second life of the poet, more attractive and richer in interpretations. The imaginary biography, be it partial or complete, allows the author to pass on the essential element of his biographical query, to update the myth of the poet and, finally, to speak about himself.

FETZER Glenn
New Mexico State University,
Las USA Cruces,

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Poet-medical doctor Lorand Gaspar cares about the good functioning of an organism, and language―an organism in its own right―lends itself to a process of investigation, much the same as does a diagnosis. It is in the poem “Clinique” (from Égée Judée, 1980) that the poet, while combing through the history of medicine, succeeds in uncovering procedures, impulses, and manners of expression that make clearer the links between the act of diagnosing and that of writing. For both activities, returning to the sources proves to be of utmost importance.

KUCA Zoja
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
Lublin, Poland

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In the analysis of last Zaytsev's work, tetralogy Gleb' Journey, the way to sanctity is shown as a gradual development of the character's spirituality and piety from sacred perception of beauty as a reflection of God, through which God reveals himself, through reaching to spiritual love liberating from the material corporeality, to freedom/liberation through work as the individual's fulfilment of a given religious objective.
Based on the analysis of the biblical meaning of "tree of life," the author attempted to interpret Zaytsev's aesthetic intention of entitling the last part of his tetralogy Tree of Life. As a result, the concept of "tree of life" in Gleb's Journey is shown at several planes first, as a branch of the general existence and continuation of the human race; second, as a metaphor for the spiritual development of the protagonist; and third, as a symbol of lost pre-revolutionary Russia.

Dr Moulay Tahar University
Saida, Algeria

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This article proposes a reading of Man’s challenge to nature’s grandeur. It is furthermore designed to delineate the insatiable desire of the American man to attain glory at all costs. As the title suggests, I shall try to highlight the horizon of defiance to nature’s rules through the American classic Moby Dick (1851). In sum, I shall be discussing the American man’s penchant for defying failure throughout Ahab, the vengeful character who is in the tradition of the evil man of fiction who strives to annihilate “evil” with evil. By so doing, I will shed light on how Ahab’s will cannot surpass Nature’s will and how this engages Ahab in a Schopenhaueran pessimistic disappointment.

MAZIARCZYK Grzegorz
John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin
Lublin, Poland

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Taking as its starting point the Russian Formalist concept of skaz, this paper discusses a number of contemporary British novels in which the illusion of spontaneous speech is created. It analyses basic textual signals of the skaz the narrator’s idiosyncratic style, frequent addresses to the “you” of the addressee and a highly digressive narrative structure. The skaz mode proves to be a narrative strategy which cannot be associated with a particular literary convention its popularity should rather be related to the tendencies in contemporary culture indicative of its general re-oralisation.

WÓJCIK Marta
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
Lublin, Poland

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A great deal of Elizabeth Hay's novel entitled Late Nights on Air takes place in Yellowknife, a town in the Northwest Territories of Canada, situated on the edge of the Arctic Circle. In 1974 Judge Thomas Berger came there to hold an inquiry concerning the environmental implications of the proposed gas pipeline. Although Berger is not a protagonist of the story, his inquiry becomes one of its focal points. This article addresses the book's portrayal of the Canadian North and Northern environment. It focuses on the North as one of the protagonists, which becomes increasingly endangered by economic development.

ŻMUDZIN-ZIELIŃSKA Ewa
Jagiellonian University,
Cracow, Poland

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Translating conversational humour.
The case study of House M.D.

Translating humour has traditionally been considered to be a problematic area for translators. This topic becomes even thornier when examined in the context of audiovisual translation, mainly because of the technical constraints imposed by this type of translation. This article presents the results of an analysis which was focused on the material from the TV series House M.D. and compared the source text in English with the Spanish dubbed version and Polish voice-over version. The article presents the identified strategies of translating conversational humour in audiovisual context. Its main objective was not to demonstrate superiority of the applied audiovisual mode over the other one but to expose the differences between two target versions.

HUMBLÉ Philippe
Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium

SEPP Arvi
Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium

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Dislocation linguistique et culturelle dans Yoko Tawada et Akira Mizubayashi

This paper sets out to study the representation of heteroglossia in Yoko Tawada’s Überseezungen (2002) and Akira Mizubayashi’s Une langue venue d’ailleurs (2011). We specifically analysed the complex images that show the interaction of global and local forces in Tawada’s Japanese-German and Mizubayashi’s Japanese-French writings. Taking as a starting point their own transcultural "spaces", shaped by multiple connections and allegiances, these two Japanese authors reinvent the multilingual space they inhabit, while giving it a deeply personal meaning, coloured by various cultural currents, which are the result of their own multicultural experience. All this is inextricably connected with a search for a new identity, which is very different in each case. Whereas Tawada maintains her distances from the language and the culture of her new German homeland, Mizubayashi has a tendency to absorb completely the linguistic characteristics of his French hosts, while remaining critical of some of their cultural traits.

KRZEMIŃSKA-ADAMEK Małgorzata
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
Lublin, Poland

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Word association patterns in a second/foreign language – what do they tell us about the L2 mental lexicon?

The aim of the article is to review the findings of research into patterns of word associations in both first and second language and discuss its relevance for the understanding of L2 lexical processes. Word association studies have been used widely in areas such as psychology and first language acquisition and have resulted in detailed descriptions of word association behaviour of speakers at different ages and stages of language development. As far as research into L2 word associations is concerned, it concentrated predominantly on the differences between native and non-native association patterns, types of links between words in the L2 mental lexicon as well as the influence of general language proficiency on word association behaviour.

MUCHA Agnieszka
The State School of Higher Education
Sandomierz, Poland

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Ausgewählte Aspekte interkulturell bedingter Missverständnisse – Implikationen für das Fremdsprachenlehren und -lernen

The aim of the article is to signal to the reader the great importance of intercultural teaching as well as intercultural competence in the era of globalization and Europeanization, where contacts among representatives of various cultural circles are commonplace. In that context special attention has been drawn to the presentation of diverse causes of misunderstandings in intercultural communication derived from cultural differences. Strongly determined cultural semantics, body language and taboo subjects (specific to a given culture) were discussed in greater detail. Subsequently “the rules” have been formed on that basis. With regard to dialectics “what is mine and what is foreign” as well as the necessity of so called cultural transfer in the frames of teaching a foreign language, those rules should be taken into account during lessons and therefore make students more sensitive to aspects which could promote misunderstandings in intercultural contacts.

ZAMKOWSKA Iwona
The Kazimierz Pulaski University of Technology and Humanities,
Radom, Poland

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The New Consensus Movement and Its Role in Overcoming the Controversy and Conflict over the Place of Religion in the U.S. Educational System

Religion-related controversies have a long history in American public education. In the 1980s the debate was dominated by a growing concern over the failure to address the issue of religion in the educational system. This motivated a number of political and religious bodies to convene to reach a consensus on the most fundamental issues concerning the place of religion in public schools. The result was the so called New Consensus on teaching about religion and religious liberty. The article presents the background of the movement, its provisions and impact on religious liberty in the US public educatio

Ida Iwaszko
Université Montpellier 2,
Montpellier, France

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Expressions derived from Greek mythology

The antic heritage is alive and well according to the existence of the numerous linguistic expressions linked with mythology, especially the objects. For example, there are : ‘Pandora’s box’, «’Trojan horse’, etc. These expressions exist in French, but also in other European languages. After having made an inventory of these locutions in French, I explain the myth from which the locution is derived. Then, I indicate the equivalent expressions in other European languages : Polish, English, German and Italian. Finally, I show the common formulations, compare meanings and usages, and point evolutions and differences of significations regarding to the original myth.

Karolina Miłosz
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
Lublin, Poland

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Language policy in Poland and Germany in comparison with France The present paper presents a comparative analysis of language policy (domestic language policy), as opposed to language politics, in Germany and Poland. The aims of language planning in the two countries will be discussed and the bodies responsible for their fulfillment indicated. Different styles of language policy stem from different historical backgrounds of the states being compared. France, where protection and concern for language are considered as an obligation of the state, serves as a counterexample. French bon usage is legally protected and the language institution of major importance is the Académie Française.

Robert Yennah
University of Ghana
Accra, Ghana

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Voltaire on translation: misrepresenting, mollifying or meliorating the meaning of a word, sentence and text This paper demonstrates how Voltaire proposes a philosophy of bad, mediocre or good translations. It explains and deepens Voltaire’s rather obscure statement in his Lettres Philosophiques which places the quality of translation at three levels: a bad translation which kills or mutilates the meaning of the word, sentence or text, a mediocre one which mollifies it, and a good one which, by capturing the underlying spirit of the discourse, meliorates and gives it energy. This paper points to the translator’s responsibility not to massacre or weaken the text but rather put life into it while remaining faithful.

Cécile Barraud
Carlos III University,
Madrid, Spain

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The criticism of literary institutions in petites revues of the fin de siècle period

The so-called «petites revues» are the medium where a battle against the legitimation structures of the intellectual field is fought. The criticism of the official institutions, based on their rejection, allows these reviews to take part in the social space and to assert an identity: the forms they assume and the critical discourses they adopt are the root cause of a desecration and a reorganization of the literary field. In this paper, using the example of three contemporary «petites revues», the Revue Blanche, the Ermitage and the Mercure de France, we have tried to highlight the strategies these publications adopt in order to force a restructuring of the intellectual space of their time.

Lilla Horányi
Eötvös Loránd University
Budapest, Hungary

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Exotic novels by Georges Simenon and detective fiction

Best known for his Maigret series, Georges Simenon is generally considered a detective fiction author. The aim of this paper is to examine the relationship between his exotic novels and detective genre. In order to do so, we refer to the definition of detective fiction proposed by Marc Lits. Through the analysis of nine exotic novels of Simenon, published between 1999 and 2012, in collections dedicated to the detective genre, we show that, in spite of the presence of some elements of detective stories, these works cannot be classified as detective fiction.

Przemysław Michalski
Pedagogical University in Cracow
Poland

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A Brief Comment on Intertextuality in Two Poems by Ronald Stuart Thomas

The objective of this essay is to analyse two intriguing examples of intertextuality in the poetry of the Welsh priest-poet R. S. Thomas. The first of these examines his “rewritten” version of Wallace Stevens’s famous poem “Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird,” which provides Thomas with an opportunity to vent his misanthropy, while the other poem is related both to Philip Larkin’s poem of the same title, and to the whole genre of “song of dawn.” Both demonstrate how Thomas draws on the original texts, while suffusing it with his own technical and thematic idiosyncrasies.

Károly Sándor Pallai
Eötvös Loránd University
Budapest, Hungary

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Corporeity, history and memory in the contemporary writing of Polynesia

The article offers multiple psycho-philosophical interpretations of corporeity, history, memory, and their role in different discursive forms used in the contemporary writing of French Polynesia. Rewriting and reinterpretation of the heritage and the language as well as psychic influences of thermonuclear experiments take place in texts. Critical readings develop through analysis of subjectivity, self-awareness, individual and collective self-reference, and through study of diversity and plurality manifested in the dynamics of culture and identity.

Vita Kalnberzina, Vineta Rutenberga
University of Latvia,
Riga, Latvia

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Syntactic indicators of language acquisition levels in English and French written language learner corpora

The aim of the study is firstly, to examine the syntactic patterns of use of simple, complex and compound sentences in written learner corpora at different French and English language acquisition levels in texts produced by the secondary school test-takers in Latvia, and secondly, to examine the potential of learner corpora in test level validation. The main findings are that the English and French corpora display similar syntactic patterns, thereby providing evidence of the English and French language test level comparability.

Barbara Sadownik
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University
Lublin, Poland

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Homo neurobiologicus. The significance of neuroscience in foreign language didactics – perspectives and limitations

The present article aims at answering the question to what extent the picture of man portrayed by contemporary neurobiological sciences is relevant for the anthropocentric orientation of foreign language didactics. It also strives to outline both research perspectives and limitations arising from the adoption of the vision of ‘homo neurobiologicus’, in other words, the perspectives and limitations of the materialistic-reductionist view on man. The paper focuses on the philosophical and scientific views on the psychophysical issue, as put forward both in the past and in the present. These include, among others, changes implied by the most recent discoveries of neurobiological sciences.

The author stresses the fact that science does not manage to give ultimate answers to the fundamental issue of the relationship between mind and brain. Thus, while adopting the perspective of foreign language didactics, it is recommended to maintain some kind of critical distance towards new discoveries of neurobiological sciences, even though they can contribute to the redefinition of the current views on the picture of man in foreign language didactics.

Wojciech Majka
Pedagogical University in Cracow
Poland

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Representations of Rationality and Morality in the Judaic Tradition

Just as God unconceals himself to human beings through the medium of morality and rationality, human beings unconceal themselves to the world in the same way, i.e. as rational and moral beings. This is why human beings appear to be beings that are supposedly superior to other earthly existents, since they are detached from them by the fact that they are rational and moral, where the latter is a quality that gives the former a certain sense of direction. In other words, morality anticipates rationality which brings us very close to the views of Levinas, whose philosophy is built on the foundation that ethics serves as the soil of metaphysics. Nevertheless, both morality and rationality help the self to overcome the gap separating it from other existents, yet it is morality that functions as the self’s primordial condition.

Marek Jędrzejowski M.A.
Institute of German Studies and Applied Linguistics
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin
Pl. Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej 4a
20-031 Lublin
marek.jedrzejowski@poczta.umcs.lublin.pl

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Die Kurzwörter bereichern den Wortschatz einer Sprache und sind schon zu einer etablierten Erscheinung geworden. Sie werden dekliniert, sind sehr kompositionsaktiv, bilden den Plural und sind darüber hinaus polyfunktional angelegt. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird das Problem der Genuszuweisung im Deutschen für Kurzwörter, denen fremdsprachige Vollformen zugrunde liegen, in Augenschein genommen. Die grundsätzliche Frage betrifft das Verhältnis des Genus eines Kurzwortes zum Genus seiner Vollform. Anders gesagt geht es hierbei darum, ob ein Kurzwort samt Genus entlehnt wird, oder ob das Genus dem Kurzwort im Prozess der Translation ins Deutsche zugewiesen wird. Darüber hinaus wird der Frage nachgegangen, welcher Weg gewählt werden soll, um eine vollkommene Beliebigkeit beim Genusgebrauch bei Kurzwörtern mit fremdsprachigen Vollformen zu vermeiden. Somit zielt der Aufsatz auf die Lösung eines wesentlichen Problems und greift ein Thema auf, das bislang weitestgehend vernachlässigt wurde.

Abbreviations enrich the vocabulary of languages in general and can be considered an established phenomenon. They decline, undergo composition and form plural. Furthermore, they fulfill many particular functions in language. The present paper deals with the gender of German abbreviations borrowed from other languages. In particular, the author analyses the relation between the gender of an abbreviation and the gender of its full form in an attempt to answer the question if an abbreviation is borrowed with its gender or if the gender is allotted to a given abbreviation in the process of its translation into German. The paper also discusses which method should be chosen to avoid complete arbitrariness in the use of the gender of such abbreviations. Thus, the present paper focuses on an important issue that in contemporary linguistics still awaits a comprehensive treatment.

Sławomir Kułacz
The University of Gdańsk
mailto: slawomir.kulacz@gmail.com

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The present paper is a modest attempt at describing the conceptual basis and mechanisms of motivation traceable in selected army ranks in English, German, Polish and Czech. The linguistic development of army ranks provides an interesting insight into how the army organization and the relationships between army personnel (i.e. hierarchy) are conceptualized.

Hans-Jörg Schwenk
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University
Lublin, Poland

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Die Vergangenheitstempora im Deutschen und ihr semantisches Potential Past tense forms in German and their semantic potential The present article deals with the semantics of tense forms of Präteritum and Perfectum in German. The author questions all the widely known theories on the meaning of Präteritum and Perfectum, demonstrating that, on the one hand, the complex past tense (Perfectum) does not always express both temporality and aspectuality (perfectivity), but also only temporality itself. On the other hand, the simple past tense (Präteritum) always contains both temporality and aspectuality, except for lexically-conditioned cases.

Wioleta Wieczerniak
Institute of German and Applied Linguistics,
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
mail wjola13@poczta.onet.pl

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The aim of this article is to present the phenomena of time and tense which are strictly connected with each other and in some European languages are used synonymously. However, the German language makes a clear distinction between them. The lack of accordance between a tense’s name and its function often results in the fact that one tense expresses not only the present, but also the past or even the future, like the German tense Präsens. Lexical figures articulating temporal relations and Modalfaktor indicating the likeliness of a sentence’s content should be taken into consideration by temporal interpretation of a statement.

Ziel des vorliegenden Artikels ist die Phänomene Zeit und Tempus zu präsentieren und zu besprechen. Beide Begriffe sind streng miteinander verbunden. In manchen europäischen Sprachen werden Zeit und Tempus als synonymisch betrachtet. Die deutsche Sprache zeigt eine Unterscheidung zwischen beiden Begriffen auf. Die Schwierigkeiten bereitet der Mangel an der Gleichrangigkeit zwischen einer Tempusbennenung und seiner Funktion. Ein entsprechendes Beispiel ist das Tempus Präsens, das drei Ebene, nämlich Gegenwart, Vergangenheit und Zukunft, zum Ausdruck bringt. Bei einer temporalen Interpretation eines Satzes sind auch lexikalische Mittel, die Zeitinhalte ausdrücken und Modalfaktor, von Bedeutung.

Konrad Żyśko, Angelina Rusinek
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University
Lublin, Poland

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The study attempts to determine if Chinese Mandarin has the potential to become a new lingua franca. Both arguments for and against are presented, taking into account a wide set of linguistic, social, demographic, political, and economic factors behind the popularity of Chinese Mandarin. The study will prove especially useful for anyone dealing with sociolinguistics, globalization and the linguistic trends in the contemporary world.

Agnieszka Mucha
The State School of Higher Education
Sandomierz, Poland
mail: e-mail: a.mucha@onet.pl

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The essence of the presented article is the analysis of four textbooks for teaching the German language which looks into typical elements of German culture as well as cultural universals. The analysis of the following textbooks: Stufen 3, Moment Mal 2, Mittelpunkt B2 and Mittelpunkt C1 has indicated that older ones (more than 10 years older) devoted more attention to typical German culture phenomena and culturally conditioned Polish-German differences than the most recent textbooks where universal areas of reality have been accepted, e.g. travelling, professional life, means of payment, environmental protection. Moreover, new phenomena such as globalization, internationalization, cloning and genetically modified food were mentioned in the textbooks published in 2008.

Den inhaltlichen Schwerpunkt des vorliegenden Artikels bildet eine Lehrwerkanalyse, deren Ziel ist es, die Frage zu beantworten, in wie weit kulturbedingte Erscheinungsformen der deutschen Realität in behandelten Lehrwerken explizit berücksichtigt werden (Schwerpunkt: Betonung von kulturellen Unterschieden) und zum anderen in welchem Maβe sich die behandelten Lehrwerke an universalistischen Standpunkten orientieren (Hervorhebung der Universalien statt Differenzen zwischen der deutschen und polnischen Kultur). Die Analyse machte deutlich, dass die 2008 erschienenen Lehrwerke vorwiegend auf das Universelle sowie ziemlich neue Phänomene wie Globalisierung, Internationalisierung, Genfood fokussieren. In älteren Lehrwerken hingegen lässt sich, neben der Berücksichtigung universeller menschlicher Daseinsbereiche, ein starker Bezug auf einzelkulturspezifische Realitätsbereiche und kulturelle Differenzen feststellen.

Łukasz Maślanka
Catholic University of Lublin Poland

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This paper is a part of a major dissertation regarding the analysis of the political and ideological discourse in the italian journey descriptions by two big personalities of the french romanticism: François-René de Chateaubriand and Henri Beyle (Stendhal). The aim of this article ist to reveal the Chateaubriand´s arguments in favor of the catholicism and of the pope´s power. We try to rediscover his vision of the Church and the meaning he give to it in the public life. We would like also to emphasize the importance of the liberty, typical of this writer.

L´article fait partie d´un travail plus vaste, consistant à retrouver l´argumentation politique et idéologique dans les récits du voyage italien faits par les deux grands personnages du romantisme littéraire français : François-René de Chateaubriand et Henri Beyle (Stendhal). Le but de ce texte consiste à indiquer les fragments qui semblent les plus significatifs à l´argumentation du premier de ces écrivains en faveur de la religion catholique et du pouvoir du pape. Nous essayons de restituer sa vision de l´Eglise ainsi que le rôle qu´il lui attribue dans la vie publique. Nous voudrons également souligner l´importance de la liberté, typique pour l´oeuvre de cette sensibilité.

Rafał Augustyn
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
E-mail: augustyn.rafal@gmail.com
Agata Gniecka
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
E-mail: agatagniecka@gmail.com

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Based on a study of English popular technical terms the article claims that in order to properly account for the ironic use of diminutives, one has to assume a cognitive view of meaning. Following Fauconnier and Turner’s (2002) Conceptual Integration Theory and Langacker’s (2008) notion of Current Discourse Space, we suggest that the ironic meanings of the stemaffix combinations involving diminutives should be seen as instances of conceptual blending that are determined by the context in which such formations occur, including the speakerhearer interaction in the specific context of a given usage event within the current discourse space.

Marcin Mizak
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University
Lublin, Poland

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We sometimes hear opinions that sign language is not a real or a natural language like English or Polish. In this paper, the views that sign language is not a real or a natural language are considered to be mistaken. The aim of this article, therefore, is to provide evidence in support of the thesis that sign language is as real and as natural a language as spoken languages, such as English or Polish.

Hans-Jörg Schwenk
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University Lublin, Poland

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Grammatische Aspektsemantik: Aspektualität im Slavischen (am Beispiel des Polnischen) Grammatical semantics of aspect: aspectuality in Slavic languages (as exemplified by Polish)

The present paper deals with verbal aspect in Polish and its grammatical semantics. It is assumed that aspect in Slavic languages in general and in Polish in particular is a twodimensional category – grammatical and lexical. Moreover, as regards meaning both grammatical and lexical aspectuality can be distinguished. In the grammatical sphere of the semantics of aspect we indicate some terminological deficits in that the grammatical aspectuality is not limited only to imperfectivity and perfectivity but it also encompasses its aoristic nature. Thus, we propose to call the imperfective aspect the procesual aspect, while the perfective aspect – non-procesual aspect. This is because non-procesuality implies both perfectivity and aoristic nature.

Konrad Żyśko, Angelina Rusinek
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University
Lublin, Poland

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The study attempts to determine if Chinese Mandarin has the potential to become a new lingua franca. Both arguments for and against are presented, taking into account a wide set of linguistic, social, demographic, political, and economic factors behind the popularity of Chinese Mandarin.

The study will prove especially useful for anyone dealing with sociolinguistics, globalization and the linguistic trends in the contemporary world.

Iwona Machowicz
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University
Lublin, Poland

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Due to the complexity of writing, the development of writing skill is undoubtedly one of the most difficult tasks for the learners of the foreign language. For this reason, there are attempts which aim at making the writing learning more enjoyable and the writing process less stressful for the learners. One should take into consideration the reflection at various stages of the writing process according to the notion of the learner autonomy which is repeatedly emphasized in recent years. In the article following problems will be dealt with: to what extent are learners informed about the features connected with the writing process (not only with the linguistic features) during the writing teaching in the school lessons and to what extent are the findings of science and didactics taken into account during the writing teaching. There are selected results of the study presented. The study took place in October 2010 and 40 first term students of Applied Linguistics at Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin participated in it.

Dorota Pudo
Jagiellonian University
Cracow, Poland
e-mail: dorota.pudo@wp.pl

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The author examines the utility of cognitive theories of emotions for scientific reflexion dedicated to teachers´ emotion. Emotions are a phenomenon relatively rarely described and often treated as irrational or uncontrollable. Cognitive approches enhance the mental contents of the emotional experience, viewing it as a conscious and fully informative act. Such a vision allows to understand teachers´ emotions better, to analyse their deep contents and to perceive them as valuable sources of knowledge.

L´auteur s´interroge sur l´utilité des théories cognitives des émotions dans la réfléxion scientifique consacrée aux émotions des enseignants. Les émotions sont un phénomène relativement peu étudié et souvent traité comme irrationnel et incontrôlable. Les approches cognitives mettent en valeur le contenu mental du vécu émotionnel, le percevant comme un acte conscient et informatif. Une telle vision permet de mieux comprendre les émotions des enseignants, d´analyser leur contenu profond et de les traiter comme des sources de savoir valables.

Reinhold Utri
Warsaw University
Warsaw, Poland

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The case of „flea markets”, multinational and multicultural in nature in the German-speaking countries, is a starting point for the discussion of the necessity to introduce the issues of multiculturality and multilingualism into contemporary academic discourse. The author gives examples of practical solutions to be applied in educational policies in multicultural societies.

Bartosz Wójcik
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin
Poland

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Since “the etymology of diaspora suggests both routes (scattering) and roots (sowing)” (Procter 2003: 14), Afro-Caribbean and Black British dub poets, as represented by Jamaicanborn Linton Kwesi Johnson, take heed of their artistic and anthropological ancestry, emphasising their shared Africanness. My paper is therefore an attempt to take a closer look at select African elements prevalent in Johnson's early literary output, namely his first two collections of poetry – Voices of the Living and the Dead (1974) and Dread Beat An' Blood (1975).

Zbigniew Głowala
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin
Poland

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The purpose of the article is to present the campus novel from an angle that would expose the qualities latent in a genre by pointing to the theme of conflict. The paper has been divided into three parts, each addressing one kind of conflict which can be distinguished from the generic pattern (the story about academics in the university setting). The analysed themes are recurrent in the campus novel – a town and gown row, a teacher-teacher conflict, and a clash between a teacher and a student. The conflicts are illustrated by works of David Lodge, Malcolm Bradbury and Kingsley Amis.

Rafał Augustyn
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
E-mail: augustyn.rafal@gmail.com

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Neologismen in Science-Fiction – eine kontrastive Analyse der Übersetzungsverfahren am Beispiel des Romans Revenge of the Sith

The paper attempts to analyse the neologisms in the literary genre of science fiction by comparing and evaluating the possibilities of their translation into other languages based on the example of the English novel Revenge of the Sith by Matthew Stover and its German and Polish translations. The study has shown that the neologism translatability rates in both translations are very high (about and over 80% for the German and Polish texts respectively). Owing to a considerable amount of occasional neologisms in the English original and language system similarities the most frequently applied translation methods included transplantation and imitation.

Im Beitrag wird es versucht, am Beispiel des englischsprachigen Romans Revenge of the Sith von Matthew Stover und seiner deutschen und polnischen Übersetzungen die Neologismen im Science-Fiction-Genre sowie die Möglichkeiten ihrer Wiedergabe in anderen Sprachen zu analysieren und evaluieren. Die durchgeführte Untersuchung ergab, dass die Neologismenübersetzungsraten in beiden Translaten ganz hoch sind (entsprechend fast und über 80% für die Deutsche und Polnische Übersetzung) und die von Übersetzern am häufigsten eingesetzte Translationsmethoden umfassen Transplantation und Imitation, was u.a. auf den hohen Anteil von Okkasionalismen im englischen Original sowie partiell auf die relative Affinität des spezifischen SF-Vokabulars in untersuchten Sprachpaaren zurückzuführen ist.

Joanna Pędzisz
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University
Lublin, Poland

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Konflikt, Streitgespräch, Dissens – in der Fachliteratur werden die Begriffe nicht selten synonymisch verwendet, mit den chaotischen Handlungen der Interaktanten und als Störfaktor für die erfolgreiche Kommunikation betrachtet. Außer Acht darf jedoch die Tatsache nicht gelassen werden, dass die Dissenslösung eines der Ziele der Interaktanten zu betrachten ist. Damit geht einher, dass die Interaktanten nach einem bestimmten Schema handeln, um dieses Ziel zu verwirklichen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird demzufolge der Versuch unternommen, den methodologischen Rahmen für die Analyse einer Dissensstruktur als Handungsmusters in einem konkreten Kommunikationsgefüge zu bestimmen. Die theoretische Grundlage dafür bildet den idealtypischen Verlauf von dissenten Sequenzen nach Gruber (1993, 1996), mit deren Hilfe die Kohärenz und Zielorientierung der dissenten Sequenzen nachgewiesen wird.

Conflict, quarrel, dissens – these terms are often used synonymously in the specialist literature. They are associated with chaotic activities of the participants of interaction and are regarded as a factor which disrupts communication among them. However, it needs to be taken into account that the dissolution of conflict is one of the aims of the interaction participants and achieving that necessitates following a particular path. The purpose of the present paper is, thus, presenting the methodological framework for analysis of the structure of dissens as a pattern of activity in a particular communicative model. The discussion is based on the theory of sequentiality of dissens activities (see Gruber 1993, 1996), which proves their integrity and purposeful character.

Marek Radomski
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University
Lublin, Poland

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The goal of this article is to analyse the phenomenon of Velar Softening in English within the nonderivational framework of Optimality Theory. It is argued that earlier approaches, including the traditional OT model which incorporates purely phonological constraints and a single-UR approach to allomorphy, fail to account for the process in question in a satisfactory manner. Instead, it is claimed that Velar Softening can be explained in terms of the OT model which adopts a multiple-input view on allomorphy as well as the idea of morpho-phonological constraints. Thus, the paper offers a novel and more adequate analysis of this process.

Hans-Jörg Schwenk
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University
Lublin, Poland

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Der vorliegende Beitrag handelt von Lexikalität und Grammatikalität sowie den ihnen jeweils zugrunde liegenden Kriterien und zielt darauf ab, bestimmte sprachliche Kategorien auf ihre Zugehörigkeit zu den Bereichen Lexik und Grammatik hin zu überprüfen. Dabei konnte etwa gezeigt werden, dass der beispielsweise im Englischen, Französischen und Polnischen zutage tretende morphologische Unterschied zwischen einer bestimmten Klasse von Adjektiven und Adverbien eigentlich keinen Wortartwechsel herbeiführt, sondern eine grammatische Differenzierung nach Adverbalität und Adnominalität vollführt.

The present paper deals with lexicality and gramaticality and the criteria which allow to decide whether a linguistic unit belongs to the field of grammar or not. It could be shown that the morfological distinction, as it appears for instance in English, French and Polish, between a special kind of adjectives and adverbs does not give rise to different parts of speach but has to be considered as being the result of a grammatical opposition, namely adverbality and adnominality.

Magdalena Szulc-Brzozowska
Catholic University of Lublin
Poland

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The article deals with the problem of the pragmatic equivalence between the German particle ja and the Polish particle no; in other words, with the correspondence as well as the divergence of the usage of the particles in the same sentential and situational context. The function and category of these particles as modal particles is considered with reference to the semantic equivalence, comprising the invariant meaning of these particles in their different syntactic functions. The analysis shows that the lack of pragmatic equivalence may result from the difference in the positions of these particles in the sentence and from the function of the position in both languages, which is related to the fact that Polish is a non-positional language in contrast to German.

Der Beitrag betrifft die Problematik der pragmatischen Äquivalenz zwischen der deutschen Partikel ja und der polnischen Partikel no, d.h. die Übereinstimmung und die NichtÜbereinstimmung der Verwendung der Partikeln im gleichen Satz- und Situationskontext. Es wird die Funktion und die Kategorie der Partikeln als Modalpartikeln erwogen, in Bezug auf die semantische Äquivalenz, die die übergreifende/ invariante Bedeutung der Partikeln in ihren verschiedenen syntaktischen Funktionen umfasst. Die Analyse zeigt auf, dass die pragmatische Nicht-Äquivalenz sich aus dem Unterschied in der Stellung der Partikeln im Satz und der Funktion dieser Stellung in beiden Sprachen ergeben kann, was im engen Zusammenhang damit steht, dass das Polnische eine nicht-positionelle Sprache im Gegensatz zum Deutschen ist.

Iwona Machowicz
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University
Lublin, Poland

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Das Ziel des vorliegenden Aufsatzes besteht darin, die sich im Laufe der Geschichte verändernde Rolle der Fertigkeit Schreiben in den verschiedenen Methoden des Fremdsprachenunterrichts zu analysieren und die neueren Tendenzen auf dem Gebiet der fremdsprachlichen Schreibdidaktik aufzuzeichnen. Unter Berücksichtigung des Konzepts der Autonomie wird im Weiteren der Versuch unternommen, die Qualifikationen und Eigenschaften eines selbständigen fremdsprachlichen Schreibenlernenden herauszuarbeiten. Abschlieβend werden kurz die möglichen Forschungsrichtungen, die auf dem Gebiet des fremdsprachlichen Schreibens eingeschlagen werden könnten, angerissen.

The aim of this paper is to discuss the changing role and status of writing skills in the methodology of German language teaching, as well as to sketch the most recent trends which point to this issue. Allowing for the idea of autonomy of language teaching, which has been thoroughly discussed during debates concerning foreign language teaching in recent years, an attempt to select and highlight particular competence which should distinguish a student being able to develop writing skills in a foreign language in an autonomous way, has been undertaken in the article. Moreover, the most novel trends in methodology, which can be taken into account in the problem raised in the article, have been briefly presented.

Jolanta Sękowska
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University
Lublin, Poland

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The article considers whether the L2-learners use the analogical mechanisms for transforming the syntax as the native users of the language in question. In the questionnaire survey the stability of the preference to interpret the first nominal phrase observed in transforming L1 to be the subject of a sentence, and its influence on non-structural factors, such as animacy have been analysed. It has been shown that L2-lelarners, similar to the native users of the language in question, prefer the subject-object word order, and that the general preference should not be covered by the semantic information.

Der Beitrag behandelt die Frage, ob L2-Lerner ähnliche Mechanismen der syntaktischen Verarbeitung wie die Muttersprachler aufweisen. In einer Fragebogenstudie wurde die in L1 beobachtbare Stabilität der Subjekterstpräferenz gegen nicht-strukturelle Einflüsse wie Belebtheit untersucht. Die Ergebnisse haben gezeigt, dass die L2-Lerner wie die Muttersprachler die SO-Abfolge bevorzugen und dass die semantische Information nicht imstande ist, diese allgemeine Subjekterstpräferenz zu überspielen.

Łukasz Brzana

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Der Diskurs über deutsch-polnische Beziehungen wird nach jedem zu diesem Diskurs gehörenden Ereignis aktualisiert und gewinnt den Status eines spektakulären Diskurses. Ohne Zweifel beeinflussen ihn zwei Ereignisse, nämlich Teilung und Wiedervereinigung Deutschlands. Der vorliegende Beitrag nimmt deswegen die Einstellung Polens zur Teilung und Wiedervereinigung Deutschlands in den Blick um die deutsch-polnischen Beziehungen 1949 – 1990 zu schildern. Als Bezugspunkt dafür wird die Beständigkeit der deutschpolnischen Oder-Neiße-Grenze betrachtet.

The discourse on Polish-German relations is redefined after every event which shapes this discourse and makes it spectacular. Undoubtedly, the two events of division and unification of Germany co-create it. The attitude of Poles towards these events, taking into account the permanence of the border on the Oder and the Nysa rivers, had a great influence on the Polish-German relations in the years 1949-1990. This very issue is the major focus of the considerations in the present article.

Emilia Księżniak
Marie-Curie Skłodowska University
Lublin, Poland

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This paper examines representations of men in advertisements for ICT products and services appearing the American magazine “Wired” in 1999-2001. The research reveals reinforcement of stereotypical “masculinity” of ICT, which is achieved through associating advertised products and services with the notions appealing to males (power, sex and success). It demonstrates that, despite the gender-neutral character of ICT, the advertising practices serve to reproduce and uphold the hegemonic gender order by constructing the American male consumer as empowered by the use of marketed ICT products and/or services.

Marek Smoluk
University of Zielona Góra
Poland

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A deadly combination: obsession and/or infatuation

Mary Tudor’s way to the throne was fraught with pitfalls and ever-present dangers. If she ever believed in becoming queen, she could perhaps have anticipated that her reign would be beset by perplexing and complex issues. Long before she ascended the throne, her succession had been questioned on a number of occasions and had even been repealed by Henry VIII. During the rule of both her father and later her half-brother, the future Queen had been made to feel of little consequence. By the time she was crowned in 1553, Mary was able to conceal her fears; it was her coronation that opened up "Pandora’s box" with her old obsessions, which were then complemented with some new ones.

The principal aim of this paper is to present Mary’s reign not so much as a set of chronological events but as a period during which the maelstrom of her seething thoughts led to her self-destruction. Ever since Mary became the English queen, her thoughts were focused on three crucial issues: Elizabeth whom the Queen was always suspecting of plotting against her with a view to her dethronement, her infatuation with Philip of Spain and last but not least an important part of the Queen’s life was her mission of converting her subjects back to Catholicism. This would effect revenge on the Protestants by burning them at the stake.

Olga Buczek
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
Lublin, Poland

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The aim of the study is to discuss one of the most important theories in the works of Carmen Martin Gaite: the theory of the interlocutor. Having adopted the theoretical texts of the author (the articles collected in La búsqueda de interlocutor and in El cuento de nunca acabar) as a point of reference, we analyse the use and evolution of the concept in her novels which are the subject of the present study (Entre visillos, El cuarto de atrás, Nubosidad variable).

Anna Gałecka
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
Lublin, Poland

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Farce-player and the society. Contribution to the concept of woman in the two novels of Theodor Fontane

The article „Farce-player and the society. Contribution to the concept of woman in the two novels of Theodor Fontane” concerns the matter, how the woman of the 19 century copies with the role of spouse, what it means to her to submit to the demands of the society. That’s why she puts on a mask, she begins to play-act. The analysis of the novels shows what influence has play-acting on the heroines. The life of Effie Briest ends tragically, but Melanie from “L’adultera” succeeds in throwing away the mask and to restore herself as authentic individual.

Jacek Kowalski
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
Lublin, Poland

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Narrative technique in modern novel after 1945, on the example of Alfred Andersch’ chosen prose writings (1914-1980)

The present paper Narrative technique in modern novel after 1945, on the example of Alfred Andersch’ chosen prose writings (1914-1980) focuses upon novel methods of shaping the form and structure of the modern novel, and the role they play in the narrative construction of a literary work. The author presents the most significant narrative techniques such as segmentation of the novel’s text, simultaneous introduction of characters, frequent use of the so-called internal monologue to make the contemporary reader realize how picturesque is the language of literary fiction that, in the 20th C. boldly transcends the textual frames of the work.

Sylwia Kucharuk
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
Lublin, Poland

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L’opposizione Pirandelliana Vita–Forma in Żeglarz di Jerzy Szaniawski

The Trial of Jesus by Diego Fabbri is undoubtedly a play written under the influence of Luigi Pirandello. The analysis presents the use of similar drama techniques which can be found in Diego Fabbri’s work and in the trilogy of Pirandello: Sei personaggi in cerca d’autore, Ciascuno a suo modo, Questa sera si recita a soggetto. It simultaneously points some differences which can be noticed in a very similar concept of theatre proposed by both authors.

Anna Pastuszka
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
Lublin, Poland

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Е.В.Спекторский и А.Л.Блок: история взаимоотношений

The article deals with various forms and strategies of remembering the past. Krockow’s book, which is an important voice in German discourse on remembering the lost motherland, belongs to the current of non-fiction and the literature of memory. The author deliberately mixes styles and genres: a loose tale about the olden days, a historical essay, family history, personal recollections and an account of a journey. The description of Pomerania as a littleknown province of the former German East, presented from the historical and sociological perspective, is far from nostalgic as it offers a critical look at the most recent history of Germany. The reconstruction of the history of the region as well as the mentality of its inhabitants constitutes the author’s personal method of coming to terms with the German ideology which led to the Second World War, expulsion and the loss of the motherland.

Bartosz Wójcik
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
Lublin, Poland

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The object of the paper is to present the works of Patience Agbabi, a Nigerian-Welsh performance poet. With a view to highlighting cultural traditions inherent in her poems, I shall focus on analysing diverse aesthetic/artistic influences manifest in her works. These, among others, include Chaucer and 1980s African-American rap lyrics. The second part of my presentation shall tackle the notion of printed performance i.e. Agbabi's scribal/typographical endeavours to stage orature, to put the oral/theatrical in writing. My paper endeavours to chart Agbabi's artistic stepping beyond the thematic barricade of committed verses of protest – characteristic of the dub poetry style and symptomatic of her debut volume – and enumerate the post-dub features of her poetry, which are present in both her volumes, namely R.A.W. (1995) and Transformatrix (2000).

Łukasz Furtak
John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin
Poland

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The paper investigates the influence of the coda dark [ɫ] on the formant structure of the preceding vowel in American English. The lateral seems to exert a velarizing effect which is expressed as the shift in the values of F1 and F2. In the case of F1, the direction of the shift depends on its original value, whereas for F2, it is always the same, but its actual extent depends on the vowel. For the two pairs of monopthongs: [ɑː] - [ʌ] and [uː] - [ʊ], the velarization results in the loss of phonemic contrast.

Andrzej Materna
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
Lublin, Poland

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In the article, the Author presents the role and the function of euphemisms in the language of politics as well as describes their significance as an important means of persuasion. These expressions are used in order either to create a more positive reading of certain facts or to suppress the facts that may appear negative. As a way of illustration, we exemplify euphemisms as they feature in given linguistic forms (mainly nominal and adjectival ones). These we derive from written and oral statements by German politicians of various political affiliations.

Joanna Pędzisz
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
Lublin, Poland

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The close connection between content and relation in interactions (see Watzlawick/ Beavin/ Jackson 1974) invites the question of the matter-of-factness in political debates in the media. Politicians tackle controversial issues. Therefore, they are expected to present and maintain their opinions and in this way set the tone of a debate. How long is the tone kept at the content level? Do the maneuvers on the relation level (Schulz von Thun 1194) make a debate chaotic? The aim of the article is to analyze verbal and nonverbal tactics of the participants of a political debate that influence the level of interaction.

Emilia Podpora-Polit
Bolesław Markowski College of Commerce,
Kielce, Poland

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This article aims at presenting journalistic texts within the economic communication and answering the question: What kind of journalistic texts appearing in the economic communication should be considered popular scientific. Because of their comprehensible style and non-specialist audience, newspaper articles concerning economic issues are usually regarded as popular scientific texts. This is however a far-reaching simplification as newspaper articles differ considerably in their linguistic form from short news items about current economic affairs to long reports on important matters.

Izabela Anna Szantyka
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
Lublin, Poland

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At the crossroads between semantics and pragmatics (part 1) – deictic expressions from Peirce to Reichenbach.

The objective of this work divided in two parts is to review, in the most objective way and in accordance to the chronological order, different approches to the problematical question of the deicitc expressions, theories sometimes divergent, other times convergent between themselves and in relation to the approach inspired by the results of Bar-Hillel’s, Kaplan’s, Perry’s and Kleiber’s theoretical research, and announced in expressis verbis in the first part of this contribution’s title. The tentative to treat the deictic expressions as units which belong at the same time to the semantics’ and the pragmatics’ domain can be discreetly observed already in the Bühler’s (indexicals as signals and symbols) and Burks’ (deictics as indexical symbols) philosophical and semiotic thought, but also in the reductionist token-reflexivity theory of Reichenbach (division type / token). The results of Peirce’s and Russell’s research are also relevant, because, being diametrically opposed respect to the approaches mentioned above, they inspired, according to the principle of contradiction, the philosophical and linguistic theories, to which methodologies we explicitly refer.

Karolina Kotorowicz-Jasińska
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
Lublin, Poland

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Together with the criticism of Comprehension Approach, there appeared a tendency to look at listening comprehension from the point of view of the underlying processes, rather than its product (Field 2008). It has been considered one of the fundamental flaws of the approach to focus only on the final outcome of the listening process in the form of answers to comprehension questions or task responses.

The article provides an overview of the processes that listening comprehension entails, categorizing them into two distinctive groups. Also, different types of processing are investigated and the primacy of bottom-up processes is underlined.

Ewelina Wojtyś
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
Lublin, Poland

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Pedagogical dictionaries are considered as a primary source of valuable lexical and grammatical information. Unfortunately, as empirical research reveals, they are not exploited effectively enough by L2 learners mostly due to the lack of appropriate skills and teachers’ frequent ignorance about the necessity for strategy training. This article aims at presenting findings from selected studies on the difficulties encountered by L2 learners during dictionary use as well as on the complexity of their look-up behaviour. In its second part the innovative concept of dictionary consultation during L2 writing examinations is discussed.

Małgorzata Paprota
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
Lublin, Poland

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The aim of this paper is to attempt an analysis, using the tools of Critical Discourse Analysis, of the ways Britishness or British identity is constructed and situated in the Interim Report by Conservative National and International Security Policy Review Group. Selected lexicogrammatical functions will be analysed to show that Britishness in the report is positively charged; vague; inclusive and independent of ethnic origin; overlapping with Conservative values and ideas.

Elżbieta Bender
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
Lublin, Poland

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El yo intimo frente a la sociedad española en los recuerdos de adolescencia de Pío Baroja

The analysis of the autobiographical texts by Pio Baroja, describing his experiences from the period of adolescence, allows understanding of the metaphysical existentialism which was typical for the author himself and for the characters he created. In his memoirs (Familia, infancia, juventud; Juventud, egolatría; La sensualidad pervertida,) Pio Baroja appears to be a person fascinated by psychology, who wants to conduct profound analysis of his personality. Meanwhile, he blames Spanish society for the existence of a number of his vices, which resulted from the suppression of his natural instincts.

The experiences related to the period of adolescence and the discovering of sexuality, described by the author, prove that at the age of 14-15 Pio Baroja started to develop the characteristics which were typical for the whole Generation of 98. The growing nonconformism will attract the attention of the author to the dissonance between an individual and the society.

Renata Bizek-Tatara
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
Lublin, Poland

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Innovation in the construction of the character of Cripure in “Le Sang Noir” by Louis Guilloux

After André Gide and Marcel Proust, Louis Guilloux is one of the first writers of the 20th century who rejects the 19th-century literary tradition, creating in 1935 an exceptional and innovative novel – Le Sang Noir. Its innovation resides in the similarity to the New Novel from the 50s on the level of composition, narration, organization of spatio-temporal setting, role of the reader and character construction. The article discusses the innovative character construction employed by Guilloux in the creation of Cripure, the protagonist.

By means of the techniques of internal monologue and various points of view, the author created a protagonist with highly complex personality, impossible to be unambiguously characterized. An anonymous narrator, showing dualistic approach towards the protagonist, constantly shifts the points of view, rendering any description of the protagonist’s identity unfeasible as the information provided about him by the narrator and other characters is contrary.

Guilloux uses elliptic constructions, enabling the reader to interpret characters’ conduct. However, the constructions do not reveal the motivation of their actions, but are limited to presenting events, citing characters’ statements and, above all, demonstrating their behavior. The reader has to fill the gaps and interpret characters’ conduct themselves. Two decades later, this “adventure of writing” rather than “writing of adventure” will become one of the fundamental principles of the New Novel.

Izabella Kimak
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
Lublin, Poland

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Realism in Mukherjee’s Jasmine and Divakaruni’s The Mistress Of Spices: Two Renderings of Contemporary Asian American Immigrant Experience

The present article attempts an analysis of two novels written by contemporary South Asian- American writers: Jasmine by Bharati Mukherjee and The Mistress of Spices by Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni. Both texts are literary explorations of an Indian immigrant experience in the US in the final decades of the 20th century, yet they do not render this experience in a strictly realistic fashion. This article is aimed to compare the two novels in terms of their realism, with a special emphasis placed on the roles which the departures from the conventionally understood realism play in the authors’ designs.

Sylwia Kucharuk
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
Lublin, Poland

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L’opposizione Pirandelliana Vita–Forma in Żeglarz di Jerzy Szaniawski

The Sailor, one of the more important works of Jerzy Szaniawski, has been regarded by the critics as dealing with the issues of truth and legend. The aim of the paper is to present a new interpretation of the play and to show that the key problem addressed by the playwright is the conflict between Form and Life, which is considered by numerous critics to be the quintessence of the so-called philosophy of Luigi Pirandello.

The similarities between the theatres of both playwrights have been frequently, albeit in rather general terms, pinpointed by critics. Therefore, it is worth examining The Sailor in the context of works by the Sicilian author.

The study indicates that Szaniawski’s play contains numerous elements vital in Pirandello’s works, such as: the problem of the relativity of truth, the impossibility to define a human personality, the confinement of an individual into a form as a consequence of judgements by others, and – most importantly – the conflict between Form and Life, and their mutual relations, all of which let us claim that The Sailor is close to Pirandello’s works.

Сергей Михальченко
Елена Ткаченко
Bryansk State Academician I.G.Petrovsky University,
Bryansk, Russian Federation

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Е.В.Спекторский и А.Л.Блок: история взаимоотношений

The research is devoted to the initial stage of the biography of an outstanding Russian thinker Evgeniy Vasilyevich Spektorsky (1875-1951). His study at the Warsaw University is characterized. The authors analyze influence which was rendered on him by the professors of the university, first of all, his supervisor A.L.Blok. The work is written on the basis of materials of the Russian, Ukrainian and Polish archives.

Leszek Mikrut
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
Lublin, Poland

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Популярность беллетристики Григория Данилевского в Европе

George Danilevsky, the author of New Russia fugitives and Mirovitch, was not only a bilingual Ukrainian writer, who belonged to a circle of Russian literature authors, but he was also a person who, together with Gogol and other writers, co-originated the “Ukrainian school” in Russian literature. In its history he was not only honored as a literary man, who consequently and passionately wrote about Ukraine, but also as a writer who devoted large part of his literary output to this country. He also stood out above other writers as a belletrist who fought both for the existence rights of the Ukrainian literature and for a due place of this country not only in Europe but also in the circle of Slavonic literatures. Such a behavior was conflicting with principles of imperialistic chauvinistic Russian sovereigns. In spite of his literary and social achievements, Danilevsky has been forgotten

Ihor Nabytovych
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
Lublin, Poland

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The Architectonic and Aesthetical Symmetry in Nathalena Koroleva’s Novel 1313 and Umberto Eco’s Novel The Name of the Rose There is some kind of symmetry between the novel of the Ukrainian writer Nathalena Koroleva 1313 (1934) and the Umberto Eco’s Il nome della rosa (The Name of the Rose, 1980) not only in the historical period, but also in the architectonic of each of them, in the separate elements of their aesthetical meaning, fable conclusions and the system of images (the events which are presented in both novels depict the first half of the XIV century in the Middle Ages monastery where something strange is happening; in each of the novels the monastery is being destroyed because of the fire). Along with that N. Koroleva’s novel is a modernistic project (based on the writer’s outlook – homo religiosus, on the conservative inner world positions). And the U. Eco’s novel is a post-modernistic project (which declares the crisis phenomena of the modern irreligious world, the outlook of the irreligious personality). One of the main expressions, symbols of the asymmetry (which in concrete details tends to the reversed symmetry in the conceptual expressions of the symbols modeling systems that represent the Middle Ages monastery) in the novels of N. Koroleva and U. Eco is the concept of the Devil and the concept of the Dark Ages’ science.

Tomasz Walicki
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
Lublin, Poland

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Entfremdung und Verfolgung als Motive Christoph Heins Roman Horns Ende

Christoph Hein, born in Lower Silesia, is one of the most prominent writers in the literature of the German Democratic Republic. In the 1980s as an author Hein became one of the most outspoken critics in his country, taking active part in the political activities of the GDR. Hein’s prose is based mainly on the history of the GDR, on facism and the post-war period. In 1985 his first novel titled Horn’s Death was published. Narrated by the characters, the story is woven around Horn’s suicidal death in 1957.

In his novel Hein strived to reflect the problems of one’s alienation and humiliation as well as the image of the GDR regime and the nazi time. It was for the reasons of alienation and political persecution that Hein chose to commit suicide.

Lechosław Baran

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Eufemismo na imprensa – estrutura e funcionamento

The aim of this article is to propose an analytical framework for the structure and euphemism’s concept in the press. Given the complexity of the euphemism structure, we restrict our focus to what we call the global vision of the phenomena.

We present with theoretical instruments different points of view of the euphemism use which depends on the various public contexts. This pragmatic vision of using such instruments is reflected in the interlocutor’s relations. We are only able to analyze euphemisms when we realize the importance of its semantic dimension. Obviously, our approach to “press euphemisms” from a discourse analytic point of view is not independent of specific sociocultural accomplishment.

Ercília Ana Cazarin
Gesualda De Lourdes Dos Santos Rasia
UNIJUI, Ijui, Brasil

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The text deals with the relationship reading-writing in a discursive perspective. Read, for the Analysis of Speech (AS), relates to a process of production of meaning - a gesture of interpretation of the subject that reads / interprets. We are moving this conception to reflect on the process of writing the texts. We prioritized, in this study, the following question: if the reading and interpretation are understood as gestures, capable of provoking a new will be, what would be in common among these concepts and the process of writing? We start from the analysis of gestures of reading produced by students on a charge of political slant, considering the language as materiality of as discursive tissue, and also the fact that the linguistic effects figure in history to produce meaning. We consider as a variable for the constitution of the reading-writing process the students living with the practices of reading on digital materials as a instance for literacy.

Beata Ejtel
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
Lublin, Poland

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Linguistique textuelle : quelques remarques sur la cohésion de Nana d’Emile Zola

The aim of the study was to analyse the relations of cohesion in Emil Zola's Nana. First, we provide an outline of essential terms referring to the notions of „coherence” and „cohesion” (after Halliday and Hasan in Cohesion in English). This has been the basis for a discussion of the cohesive phenomena best represented in the analysed novel, i.e. diaphoric relations – anaphoras and cataphoras – with respect to various criteria. Most of the terms that have been used come from Marek Kęsik's La cataphore. In order to ensure their comprehensibility, the terms have been illustrated with examples taken from Zola's novel.

Thus, we have distinguished two groups of anaphoric expressions: pronominal and nominal anaphoras, the latter subdivided into „faithful” and „unfaithful”, possessive and associative (the last, very interesting case has led us to specify different types). Next, we have presented epithetic, nominal, indirect anaphoras and anaphoras sensu lato. Cataphoras have been classified as indirect, sensu stricto or sensu lato.

Konrad Klimkowski
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
Lublin, Poland

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This paper draws upon the cardinal assumption that most relations between compound components may be regarded as specific manifestations of iconicity. It manifests itself in compound formation as a phenomenon named “apperception” (apercepcja). The concept of apperception – proposed in Polish linguistics by Jan Rozwadowski, strongly influenced by Wundt – is a powerful tool in the description and functional explanation of word and sentence structure. In a nutshell, apperception may be defined as a cognitive process comprising two functional strategies speakers undertake during meaningful utterance construction: a) they establish similarity links between the already existent utterances (and their meanings); b) they establish distinction points between the already existent utterances and the new one. A proposal to view apperception as a manifestation of iconicity follows an observation that apperception helps discern how formal organization of compounds mirrors the cognitive (functional) strategies of encoding their meaning. The text also includes solutions which, are indispensable if Rozwadowski’s theory is to handle a wider spectrum of lexical data.

Agnieszka Mierzwińska-Hajnos
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
Lublin, Poland

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Jack-Go-To-Bed-At-Noon and Lisi Ogon: the Analyzability and Compositionality of Plant Terms in English and Polish

The present paper offers an analysis of common plant names appearing in English and Polish in the light of cognitive linguistics. Assuming, as cognitivists do that meanings of lexical items are partly decomposable, we use the notions of analyzability and compositionality in the sense of Langacker (1987, 1991) as a diagnosis for establishing the scale of semantic transparency of such expressions.

Joanna Pędzisz
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
Lublin, Poland

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Kreieren, Steuern, Kontrollieren, Aufrecherhalten der Interaktionsprozesse: Zu Kommunikativen Handlungen der Moderatorin in der Politischen Talkshow

The television creates a particular reality in which the participants of the interaction organise their activities. At the same time, these activities follow particular standards and rules which condition the institutional framework and influence both moderator’s and her guests’ activities during a political talkshow.

The role of the moderator is strictly connected with such activities as creating, steering, controlling and sustaining interactions realized in the communicative framework of a political talkshow. These activities are a logical consequence of the theory of moderation adopted. The moderator is a person who is responsible for communication among the participants of a political talkshow. The aim of the paper, thus, is to characterize the communicative activities, verbal, para-verbal and non-verbal behaviours of the moderator.

Izabela Anna Szantyka
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
Lublin, Poland

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A few reflections on the use of the verbs ”andare”/”aller” and ”venire”/”venir” in Italian and French The aim of the present paper is to reflect on the use of basic verbs of movement ”andare”/”aller” i ”venire”/”venir”, which are often translated into Polish as “iść(jechać)/przyjść(przyjechać)”. The rules of usage of these verbs in Romance languages cannot be reduced, however, to a simple analogy to their Polish counterparts. When looking at ”andare”/”aller” i ”venire”/”venir” from a distinctive-contrastive point of view, the analysis makes use of numerous semantic, syntactic and pragmatic factors. As deictic verbs, they encompass such criteria as closeness/distance, presence/absence, both in the physical/effective dimension, but also the psychological or potential message, in relation to the sender and addressee. One cannot forget, at this point, about the role of the vector of movement performed by the interlocutors, as it has a great effect on the choice of the verb.

Agnès Tutin
Université Grenoble 3,
Grenoble, France

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This paper deals with a corpus-based linguistic study in lexical semantics. Our topic is the general scientific lexicon, the cross-disciplinary lexicon peculiar to the academic genre. We show how the use of a large corpus enables to develop an inventory of this vocabulary and present the first semantic treatments performed with the help of the corpus, with a first experiment in natural language processing..

Jolanta Knieja
Institute of German Studies and Applied Linguistics
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin
Pl. Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej 4a
20-031 Lublin

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The article discusses the problem of intertextuality in graffiti texts. For this purpose, both the notion of intertextuality and its typology were defined according to German literature of the subject. Next, the referential connections occurring between graffiti and other texts were indicated within the course of linguistic analysis. The results of the proposed analysis are presented in the concluding section of the paper. Keywords: text analysis, intertextuality, graffiti

Anna Hajduk
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
Lublin, Poland

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Contextualization in L2 vocabulary instruction – an action research study

The principal objective of the present article has been to explore if incorporating contextualization activities into teaching unfamiliar words in teaching English as a foreign language is conducive to students’ vocabulary expansion and refining their word knowledge. The paper aims to supply an insightful analysis of the action research study undertaken by the present writer as well as a report on its findings. The major goal of the study was to examine the value of context-based instruction as well as activities employed for the purpose of the students’ vocabulary development. The results obtained from the research revealed that the contextualization is not only a beneficial tool for enhancing the students’ vocabulary growth and consolidation, but a relevant motivating factor as well.

Tomasz Niestorowicz
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
Lublin, Poland

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The paper presents an overview of a pilot study aiming at developing university students’ writing competence with the use of wiki as an authoring environment for Task-Based Language Teaching. Wiki was used to design pre-task, task and post-task sequences which were implemented in varied modes of work when teaching English to a group of intermediate students at the Department of German Studies, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, Poland. Keywords: wiki, writing online, collaboration

Jarosław Krajka
University of Vincent Pol,
Lublin, Poland
Gesualda De Lourdes Dos Santos Rasia
UNIJUI, Ijui, Brasil

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One of the main fields of studies within the framework of second language teaching methodology is an analysis of linguistic errors which constitute characteristic phenomenon of different stages throughout the teaching process. Although an error is a systematic deviation from the linguistic norm, it also seems to be an essential step in the second language acquisition. The main aim of this article is to present and analyse the most frequent errors occurring in essays written by Polish students. The analysis concentrates on morphosyntacic errors, since morphosyntax can be considered an area in which the greatest difficulties are to be noticed. The author describes and analyses errors in two problematic areas, namely in the use of articles and past tenses.

Piotr Kołtunowski
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
Lublin, Poland

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Basing on historical analogy, the paper analyzes the problem of argumentative manipulation in the Nazi propaganda during World War II.. The present study of propaganda texts took into account two types of linguistic manipulation: “explanation” and “justification”, both playing a crucial role in forming the German postures during World War II. The analysis showed that the Nazi propaganda made use of false historical analogies, i.e. it juxtaposed and compared incommensurable facts, patterns of behaviour, feats leading to victory, etc. The aim of the manipulative technique of false historical analogy, based on explanation and justification, was to boost the Germans’ “combative” morale. This was expected to be achieved by way of shaping the required postures: a complete submission to the Nazi leadership, the endurance vis-à-vis losses inflicted, combating apathy and defeatism, creating a psychological “distance” with respect to the crisis and losses. The justification of the war effort was done through spreading fear, creating the “endurance” posture, appealing to the “Prussian virtues”, etc. The forging of these postures was meant to keep the German nation in the spirit of constant “combative readiness”.

Krystyna Mihułka
University of Rzeszów,
Rzeszów, Poland

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The Polish-German border is perceived as a symbolic border in the post-war Polish-Germanrelations. In this paper, a lot of attention is devoted to this border in the crucial moments of the Polish-German-relations, such as the tense situation in Poland and former East Germany, political changes in 1989 and Poland joining the EU and Schengen Zone. My discussion concerning the symbolism of the Polish-German border is not limited only to the analysis of historical facts and events, but it also centers on the mentality of Germans and Poles, their mutual perception, sympathy and aversion. It turns out that the abolishing of the state borders seems to be much easier than the reduction of the mental barriers/borders existing between Poles and Germans.

Marek Smoluk
University of Zielona Góra,
Zielona Góra, Poland

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The Favourites of James I and their impact on the King’s home and foreign policy

The aim of this paper is to present James I (1603-1625) from the perspective of his sexuality and thus evaluate to what extent this first Stuart king allowed his personal desires to influence his monarchical duties. Also, the intention of this work is to assess the role of his particular favourites with reference to their impact on the King’s home and foreign policy within his twenty-three year reign.

Jolanta Pacyniak
Institute of German Studies and Applied Linguistics
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin
Pl. Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej 4a
20-031 Lublin

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Im Artikel „Erinnern und Erzählen in Malina von Ingeborg Bachmann“ ist der Versuch unternommen, den Prozess des Erinnerns mit dem Erzählen in Zusammenhang zu bringen. Die Ich-Erzählerin leistet die Erinnerungsarbeit, indem sie das Vergangene aus ihrem Gedächtnis ans Tageslicht bringt, dabei sind die traumatischen Erlebnisse präsent, die nicht gänzlich verarbeitet wurden. Die Erinnerungen werden durch das gegenwärtige Geschehen, unglückliche Beziehung mit Ivan, beeinflusst.

Die individuelle Erinnerungsebene wird durch das kollektive Gedächtnis ergänzt. Die Geschichte steht im Hintergrund, aber ersichtlich ist dabei, dass Kriegserlebnisse persönliche Erfahrungen überschatten. Die kollektiven vergangenen Ereignisse haben auch ihre positive Dimension, die mit dem Begriff Haus Österreich verbunden ist. Die individuelle und kollektive Erinnerungsebene werden miteinander verwoben und bilden ein sich gegenseitig beeinflussendes Gefüge.

Leszek Mikrut
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
Lublin, Poland

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Григорий Данилевский – автор очень известных в своей эпохе исторических и бытовых романов - Беглые в Малоросии и Мирович - не был двуязычным украинским писателем, принадлежавшим к кругу творцов русской литературы, а совместно с Николаем Гоголем и другими создавал т.наз. "украинскую школу" в русской литературе. Наряду с беллетристикой занимался он тоже журналистской деятельностью. Его очерки о путешествиях на запад Европы (Письма из-за границы), об обычаях малороссийских охотников (Четыре времени года украинской охоты) или о впечатлениях от деловых поездок по Россиии (Из путевых заметок) читались и обсуждались с большим интересом не только в литературных кругах.

По сегодняшний день цикл очерков Чумаки – энциклопедия и эпопея жизни украинских крестьян, которые на возах, запряженных в волы, два раза в год возили из своих сел на Азовское море продовольственные товары, изделья народного ремесла, а оттуда привозили лишь один товар, но такой, без которого жизнь теряла свою суть – соль. О жизни чумаков - «рыцарей степи» - создавались народные песни, о них пели баяны под бандуру, они становились героями былин, народного эпоса, и частушек, ими – наконец – даже пугали детей. А в произведении Г. Данилевского по сегодня они живут своей литературной жизнью.

В истории русской литературы создатель Чумаков запечатлел свое имя, как автор, который необычайно настойчиво и с большой любовью писал об Украине, как литератор, посвятивший ей громадную часть своего наследия, беллетрист, который боролся за право на существование украинской литературы и должное ей место в Европе, а также в семье славянских литератур (что противоречило основным положениям великодержавного шовинизма правителей России) и одновременно, к сожалению, был до такой степени забыт.

Małgorzata Posturzyńska-Bosko
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
Lublin, Poland

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Cet article est une tentative d’analyser quelques particularités du style des textes politiques de Christine de Pizan. La structure de ses oeuvres doit beacoup à la compilation ; ses ouvrages, dans certains passages, sont constitués de morceaux des textes repris à divers auteurs. Son style paraît un peu lourd et obscurci par des reminiscences, répétitions, phrases trop longues à multiples propositions subordonnées, constructions imbriquées réalisées par compléments et subordonnées conjonctives qui parfois rendent ses textes obscures. Christine utilise aussi des constructions pseudo-latines, formules de notaire, groupements des mots synonimiques deux par deux, constructions à double objet ou à double dépendante substantive, ou mixtes.

Witold Wołowski
The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin,
Lublin, Poland

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Joanna Pędzisz
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
Lublin, Poland

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Zur Rollendynamik in dem Kommunikationsgefüge politische Talkshow Über den interaktionalen Charakter des Kommunikationsgefüges politische Talkshow entscheiden ohne Zweifel die Handlungen der Talkshowteilnehmer, deren Rollen in einzelnen Phasen der Gesprächsrunde variieren. Die Gesprächspartner zeigen unterschiedliches Engagement und Interesse, was die Dynamik der Interaktionsprozesse in der polischen Talkshow beeinflussen. In dem Zusammenhang werden folgende Ziele des vorliegenden Beitrag in den Blick genommen:

1. Bestimmung des Zummenhanges der zwischen der Rollenänderung und ihrem Einfluss auf die Interaktionsprozesse in der politischen Talkshow
2. Spezifizierung der Rollendynamik in der politischen Talkshow

Łukasz Kumięga
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
Lublin, Poland

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Der folgende Beitrag setzt sich zum Ziel, das Feld der linguistisch fundierten Diskursforschung zu rekonstruieren, die aus der foucaultschen Diskurskonzeption schöpft. Es wurden drei linguistische Zugänge zum Diskurs erfasst: (1) Diskurs vom Text her gedacht, (2) Diskurs als Korpus/Textkorpus, (3) Diskurs als wissenskonstituierendes Phänomen. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird auf die Probleme bei der linguistischen Interpretation des foucaultschen Werkes sowie auf die daraus resultierenden methodologischen Herausforderungen hingewiesen.

Katarzyna Wołowska
The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin,
Lublin, Poland

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Janusz Bień
The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin,
Lublin, Poland

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Barbara Sadownik
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
Lublin, Poland

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Der vorliegende Beitrag setzt sich zum Ziel, die theoretische Fundierung sowie Vorteile und Schwächen des interkulturellen Ansatzes in der Glottodidaktik darzustellen. Im Zentrum des Interesses stehen folgende Fragen: Wie kam es dazu, dass die interkulturelle Kompetenz in letzter Zeit den Status des obersten Lernziels des FU erhielt? In welchem Verhältnis stehen die interkulturelle kommunikative Kompetenz und die reine Sprachkompetenz zueinander? Was ist eigentlich unter dem Begriff interkulturelle Kompetenz zu verstehen? Wieweit kann die interkulturelle Kompetenz im glottodidaktischen Prozess sukzessive und erfolgreich gefördert werden? Welcher Umfang an explizitem Wissen über eine fremde Kultur ist als Lernziel anzusehen? Die Autorin verweist darauf, dass sich in der momentanen Diskussion um die interkulturelle Kompetenz als Hauptziel des Fremdsprachenunterrichts eine Renaissance der ursprünglichen Diskussion um das Lernziel kommunikative Kompetenz deutlich erkennen lässt.

Urszula Paprocka-Piotrowska
The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin,
Lublin, Poland

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Krystyna Mihułka
University of Rzeszów,
Rzeszów, Poland

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How are prejudices formed?
The purpose of this article is to present and discuss the causes and ways of forming prejudices in contemporary societies. I examine consecutively the impact of family, education, workplace and the media on the formation of prejudices, paying special attention to the last dimension. In the empirical section of this article, I analyse ‘the image of Poles’ as depicted in selected German newspapers from 1989 and 2004, and I attempt to find out whether this image changes over time.

Marek Smoluk
University of Zielona Góra,
Zielona Góra, Poland

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The principal aim of this paper is to offer an insight into the detail of educating the king’s off-spring in Tudor times. There is no dispute amongst most historians that the kind of education a prince or princess underwent and the religion instruction they received in their youth, are the two most determining factors which influence the future king’s or queen’s reign. Thus this paper allows the reader to learn of certain nuances affecting the royal Tudor education provided by the English scholars to Henry VIII’ children – viz. the Princesses Mary and Elizabeth as well as Prince Edward.

Małgorzata POSTURZYŃSKA-BOSKO
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
Lublin, Poland

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Differences between the manuscripts of Livre du corps de Policie by Christine de Pizan

The purpose of this article is to compare several versions of the manuscripts of Livre du corps de Policie by Christine de Pizan, which can be divided into two groups of texts: one including manuscripts most faithful to the original with few inconsistencies, the other comprising less faithful texts rather distant from the original. Both groups revealed not only structural and semantic differences introduced by the author herself, but also unavoidable changes resulting from the transcription process. Christine de Pizan supervised copyists’ work and thus could detect errors and make necessary alterations. The changes in the manuscripts concerned mainly syntax (i.e. omission of words and sentences and changes in phrase structure) and less often spelling and choice of a more accurate term.

Witold Wołowski
John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin,
Poland

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The aim of this paper is to present the contribution of the Polish philosopher, Roman Ingarden, to analysis of stage directions (didascalia) in the dramatic text. Ingarden did not publish any separate work devoted to this issue, however, his observations contained in The Literary Work of Art (O dziele literackim) are much more significant than they might seem to be. In 1931, when no one had yet attempted to study stage directions, Ingarden recognised their role as an inherent, constituent part, and not merely optional, of the dramatic text, which according to the double projection of states of affairs (doppelte Projection), constitutes together with the dialogue the represented world in the play. Ingarden regards stage directions (Nebentext) as the text that logically frames, or rather “projects” the dialogue (Haupttext). Combining reflections on stage directions with those on the structure of narrative texts, which are also marked with double projection, proved Ingarden’s great intuition.

Ewa Antoszek
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
Lublin, Poland

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The multicultural city is a popular setting of many Chicana narratives and short stories. However, in many contemporary works by Chicana authors it loses its typical function of providing a background to the story solely and becomes an active agent that reflects the struggles of its inhabitants. This negotiation is also seen in the interplay between the barrio and the city that is depicted in Chicana literature.
This depiction of the city as a place of dialogue, negotiation and struggle against conformity is especially interesting in the two works by two Chicana authors – The Faults by Terri de la Peña and Two Badges: The Lives of Mona Ruiz by Mona Ruiz.
Terri de la Peña makes L.A. an arena of fight against sexual conformity, male violence, and against conforming to restricting social norms. Ruiz, on the other hand, concentrates on the relation between the barrio and the city. In her personal story she presents different aspects of non-conformity, which is especially visible in the transformation of her own life, (namely her passage from a gang member to a policewoman in Santa Ana) and her struggle not to conform in both situations. The aspect of dialogue and negotiation is emphasized in both books at the linguistic level, as well, as both authors use code-switching.
The purpose of my paper is to compare the two works and analyze the portrait of a contemporary multicultural city that emerges from these books, concentrating on the aspect of the city as a place of (non)conformity in terms of gender, ethnicity, sexuality and class.

Anna Krzyżanowska
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
Lublin, Poland

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Semantic analysis of selected lexemes indicating emotions

The aim of this paper is to assess the semantic differential scale of three analyzed French lexemes: tristesse (‘sadness’), chagrin (‘worry, care, trouble’) and peine (‘suffering, agony’). The above considerations are firmly fixed within the paradigm of lexical and cognitive semantics and indicate a strong correlation between the meaning of analyzed lexemes and their syntactic properties.
The aforementioned lexemes share a common semantic property of negative emotions within the semantic domain of sadness. Such parameters as, i.a. the number of actants, reasons evoking emotions, intensity and duration of emotions, or external and internal symptoms of emotions have been established as common characteristics that allow us to successfully define the analyzed lexemes. Simultaneously, the reason for which semantic differences among the analyzed instances occur is ascribed to different values found in seemingly universal parameters.
Syntactic constructions, collocations and phraseologisms found in dictionaries, press texts and contemporary literature have become the object and basis of the presented analysis.

Marta Sobieszewska-Krawczyk
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
Lublin, Poland

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The function of the adjective suivant as a deadjectival noun

The present paper is part of the linguistic research dedicated to the analysis of transparent and opaque indexicals. It also focuses on the function of two French spatiotemporal adjectives: suivant/prochain. In particular, the attention will be drawn to the analysis of a French adjective suivant in the sense of a deadjectival noun which reveals its polysemic nature, both in the conventionalized and derivative form. Within the course of linguistic analysis, based on Frantext corpus, the notions of family resemblance as proposed by Wittgenstein, prototype theory delineated by Rosch or motivating impulse coined by Vandeloise will be taken into consideration to successfully account for the polysemic potential of the aforementioned deadjectival noun.

Katarzyna Wołowska
John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin,
Poland

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The relation of syntactic coordination as a realisation
of a semic connection in a linguistic paradox

The semantic mechanism of a linguistic paradox can be described as a phenomenon based on a simultaneous occurrence of two basic relations – opposition and connection – to which belong the same units of sense (semes) occurring on the same syntagmatic axis of discourse. The subject of this article is one of these relations, namely the relation of connection, and more precisely speaking, one of its realizations on the morpho-syntactic level (in French), that is the syntactic coordination. It is a prototypical expression of the relation of connection, which takes place between opposing semes in paradoxes. The syntactic realization of this relation in coordinating structures is not limited to the simplest construction X I Y, but also embraces other morpho-syntactic structures (constructions with ALE, juxtaposition of equivalent independent clauses, etc.) in which the relation of coordination is more implicit. An interesting case seem also to be coordinative syntactic constructions (in which a clear indication of coordination appears, which is the pronoun I), where the opposing elements – in spite of the fact that formally they seem to be connected on the morpho-syntactic level – in reality do not appear in the relation of connection, where the interpretation of a given sequence as paradoxical is blocked by other factors, especially factors of a semantic nature.

Janusz Bień
John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin,
Poland

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The Spanish language in face of some typological tendencies

The article is a survey of the main parameters applied in both partial typology as well as global typology of languages and is an attempt to confront the Spanish language with these parameters.
There is no doubt that Spanish (as well as other Romanic languages and Polish) is a language of the middle, both amongst the totality of the languages of the world as well as with reference to the parameters used in partial typology, especially in comparison to the typological features of Polish. Spanish seems to be a moderately economic language on the lexical and morphological field and relatively redundant on the syntactic plane. In comparison with the synthetic Polish, Spanish is a relatively analytic language. Typological theories accent a bigger difference between Romanic languages and Slavonic ones in this respect.
The remarks contained in this article certainly require a further development as well as a confirmation based on the corpus of parallel sentences.

Izabela Krawczyk
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
Lublin, Poland

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Internal modifications of phraseological units
on the example of contemporary press reports

Being ready-made lexical units, phraseological units take many forms in journalistic texts; sometimes only a part of them is evoked or they are modified on an ad hoc basis with the aim to attract the text recipient’s attention through compelling him or her to put mental effort into the identification and comparison of the modified structure with its conventionalised use. Such transformations of phraseological units reveal contents potentially hidden in them, which are updated in unexpected contexts and exploit their emotional charge in order to win the recipient’s support for one’s political arguments. The examples of the non-conventionalised uses of phraseological units in contemporary German political journalism presented in this study mirror linguistic invention and journalistic persuasion.

Joanna Pędzisz
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
Lublin, Poland

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Speaker identity in the political talk-show

The aim of the article is to present the speaker identity (Sprecheridentiät), which is realised by guests of the political talk-shows (politicians and celebrities) in their speech acts. The paper discusses the relation between the speech acts and the speaker identity including guests’ conversational point of view. The empirical basis of the research are 39 speech acts from the political talk-show directed by Sabine Christiansen, broadcast by German TV channel ARD:

1. „Berliner Besatzungscouch – wie erfolgreich wird das neue Kabinett?“ (16.10.2005)
2. „Große Koalition – großes Chaos?“ (6.11.2005)
3. „Der Koalitionsvertrag steht: Großer Wurf oder fauler Kompromiss?“ (13.11.2005)
4. „Deutschland – bald wieder Spitze in Europa?“ (20.11.2005)

Robert Skoczek
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
Lublin, Poland

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Exemplification of selected reduced forms in conversation
as a feature of endogenic pronunciation standard

The previous norms of the standard German pronunciation consciously coded the highest phonostylistic plane and imposed orthophonetic patterns, which generally deviated from their realisation in everyday linguistic interactions, in which the standard German pronunciation enriched with reduction processes was used. In order to balance the disparities, studies on a new codification of pronunciation are currently being undertaken, which are based not only on numerous sociolinguistic questionnaires but also take into account the diversity of German pronunciation as used in everyday situations. A number of sociophonetic studies prove that many native speakers of standard German actually expect the orthophonic norms to open to the lower phonostylistic levels, which are characteristic to every spontaneously generated act of oral linguistic communication. This paper makes an attempt at exemplifying typical reduced forms by making them evident with the use of spectrographic method and by determining their cause. The aim of the paper is also to draw German phonetics teachers’ attention to these universal linguistic processes, which for a long time have been discredited by the pronunciation dictionaries as belonging to a pejoratively understood category of colloquial language.

Barbara Hlibowicka-Węglarz
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
Lublin, Poland

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On the origin of Creole languages – the universal theory

There are many hypotheses and theories about the origin of Creole languages. Most of them were developed in XX century. According to some of the theories all Creole languages have a common origin and come from a so called protolanguage, which comes from the XV century and has been developed along the west coast of Africa (monogenesis). Others claim that Creole languages have been developed due to the contact and mix of many languages (polygenesis).
The aim of the article presented below is to outline one of many different theories of the origin of Creole languages, the so called universal theory. According to this theory Creole languages – like other natural languages, although they were formed under specific conditions – arose because of a biological program which is embedded in our minds and which is genetically passed over from generation to generation.

Justyna Wiśniewska
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
Lublin, Poland

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Verbal periphrases expressing iterativity

The article is an attempt to analyse several verbal periphrases which represent one of aspectual values, namely iterativity. The study is based on the views and assumptions of such linguists as A. T. de Castilho (1967), B. Hlibowicka-Węglarz (1998), J. Almeida (1980), J. Roca Pons (1958). In terms of the intensity of repetition, the division of iterativity proposed by A.T. De Castilho has been adopted, in which the finite and infinite iterative aspectual values are recognised according to the repetition of durative or punctual situations. All observations have been illustrated with examples from contemporary literary texts.
Starting with the premise that the aspectual value of each of the analysed periphrases is the value of the configuration of its two components (the auxiliary verb and the main verb), it was found that the Portuguese language possesses verbal periphrases which express the iterative aspectual value even in the absence of other elements in a sentence. The analysis also revealed that verbal periphrases representing other aspectual values may express iterativity when accompanied by such exponents as an appropriate tense or adverbial phrases. The compatibility of the analysed auxiliary verbs with the four aspectual classes proposed by Z. Vendler was another issue taken into account in the analysis.
The analysis led to the conclusion that verbal periphrases are one of the most representative means of expressing iterativity in Portuguese.

Jarosław Krajka
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
Lublin, Poland

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ICT in the Foreign Philology Curriculum –
Towards a Systematic Approach to E-Teacher Training

The significance of educational technology, computers and the Internet, in the work of a foreign language teacher is not to be questioned nowadays. The dynamic development of new technologies, the expansion of the Internet in every single sphere of life together with a significant decrease in the price of educational software and office applications, all add a new dimension to the foreign language instruction, by providing the elements of authenticity, recency, variety, choice and interactivity to increase the effectiveness of the teaching process. Thus, in order to enhance language teaching a proper consideration of ICT teacher training needs to be done in the context of official requirements for teacher education, as well as future teachers' needs when confronted with the technical possibilities they may come across in their everyday practice.
The aim of the present paper is to develop a systematic approach to teacher development for the digital era. Specific guidelines on how to integrate particular phases of digital teacher development across the modern philology curriculum will be given in detail.

Barbara Sadownik
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
Lublin, Poland

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On the relationship between explicit and implicit grammar knowledge
in the process of foreign language acquisition

The article deals with the topic of extremely complex relations between metalinguistic knowledge, or explicit knowledge of grammar, and implicit knowledge, in the process of foreign language acquisition at school. The main research question is whether and to what extent explicit language knowledge facilitates the process of development of formal competence in a foreign language. The author pinpoints the fact that the theoretical status of the differentiation between explicit and implicit knowledge has not yet been fully explained in the studies of second/foreign language acquisition.
While it is argued by developmental psychologists that any knowledge evolves in mind and is transformed from explicit/declarative into implicit/automated during the cognitive process, it is generally held in the psycholinguistic literature that there is no correlation between these two types of knowledge. Intuitive knowledge and conscious knowledge of language, or, in other words, procedural and declarative, constitute two separate systems of knowledge. The author holds the opinion that the effectiveness of explicit and implicit systems of grammar knowledge needs to be viewed in a distinct way.

Magdalena Sowa
John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin,
Poland

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Learning/teaching speaking and writing in the institutional context –
the case of Polish learners of French

The context of foreign language acquisition, the order of acquisition, as well as language habits, do exert great influence on the way language is used by learners, both in speech and in writing.
The present article was inspired by hypotheses on the specific nature of L2 speech and writing as well as the role which is played by the institutional context of acquisition in their development. The hypotheses included in the present paper were verified on the basis of the corpus of empirical data obtained from advanced Polish learners of French. The confirmation of the hypotheses enables the present author to put forward certain didactic implications related to teaching/learning speaking and writing in L2, which seem to be relevant for the conditions of language education in the school context.

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Anna KALEWSKA

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Aleksandra KĘDZIERSKA

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Sławomir WĄCIOR

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Renata Kinga ADAMCZYK

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Eliza CHABROS

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Barbara Hlibowicka-Węglarz

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Edyta KRÓLIK

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Monika RADZISZEWSKA

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Agnieszka SIEDLANOWSKA

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Katarzyna WOŁOWSKA

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Stanisław K. ŻEBROWSKI

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Joanna OLSZOWA

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GRZESIAK Czesław

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JAROSZ Natalia

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KUCHARSKA Anna

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OŻARSKA Magdalena

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PISARSKA Katarzyna

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WIATER Eliza

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CHABROS Eliza

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Barbara Hlibowicka-Węglarz

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Barbara Hlibowicka-Węglarz

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KRÓL Barbara

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BIZEK-TATARA Renata

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GRZESIAK Czesław

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PILIPOWICZ Andrzej

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Jolanta RACHWALSKA REJCHWALD VON:

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RUTKA Anna

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Barbara Hlibowicka-Węglarz

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KRIEGER Jolanta

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KUCZERSKI Jerzy

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Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
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Maria Curie-Skłodowska University
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Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
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John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin,
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Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
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Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
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John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin,
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Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
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